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Prehistoric warfare
Prehistoric warfare refers to war conducted by stateless societies before recorded history.
The existence — and even definition — of war in humanity's hypothetical state of nature has been a controversial topic in the history of ideas at least since Thomas Hobbes in ''Leviathan'' (1651) argued a "war of all against all", a view directly challenged by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in a ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1755) and ''The Social Contract'' (1762). The debate over human nature continues, spanning contemporary anthropology, archaeology, ethnography, history, political science, cognitive psychology, primatology, and philosophy in such divergent books as Azar Gat's ''War in Human Civilization'' and Raymond C. Kelly's ''Warless Societies and the Origin of War''. For the purposes of this article, "prehistoric war" will be broadly defined as a state of organized lethal aggression between autonomous preliterate communities.〔 (JSTOR )〕〔 (JSTOR )〕
==Paleolithic==
According to cultural anthropologist and ethnographer Raymond C. Kelly, the earliest hunter-gatherer societies of ''Homo erectus'' population density was probably low enough to avoid armed conflict. The development of the throwing-spear, together with ambush hunting techniques, made potential violence between foraging parties very costly, dictating cooperation and maintenance of low population densities to prevent competition for resources. This behavior may have accelerated the migration out of Africa of ''H. erectus'' some 1.8 million years ago as a natural consequence of conflict avoidance. This period of "Paleolithic warlessness" persisted until well after the appearance of ''Homo sapiens'' some 0.2 million years ago, ending only at the occurrence of economic and social shifts associated with sedentism, when new conditions incentivized organized raiding of settlements.〔 "This period of Paleolithic warlessness, grounded in low population density, an appreciation of the benefits of positive relations with neighbors, and a healthy respect for their defensive capabilities, lasted until the cultural development of segmental forms of organization engendered the origin of war"〕
Of the many cave paintings of the Upper Paleolithic, none depict people attacking other people.〔 The only rock art that depicts violence between hunter-gatherers comes from a unique Northern Australian sequence that began approximately 10,000 years ago. Skeletal and artifactual evidence of Paleolithic intergroup violence is absent as well.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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